Embryo and fetus

• pre-implantation development
  11 May 2010

  Pre-implantation development is a crucial step in successful implantation and pregnancy in mammals. It has been studied in depth, but mostly in laboratory animal models.

• conservation cloning
  22 April 2010

  References
  Revival of extinct species using nuclear transfer: hope for the mammoth, true for the Pyrenean ibex, but is it time for "conservation cloning"? Piña-Aguilar RE, Lopez-Saucedo J, Sheffield R, Ruiz-Galaz LI, Barroso-Padilla Jde J, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez A. Cloning Stem Cells. 2009 Sep;11(3):341-6. PMID: #19594389#

• parthenogenesis
  22 April 2010

  Definition: Parthenogenesis is a process used by some lizards and birds to reproduce without the need of a male.
  For mammalians, the term is commonly referred to embryonic development of eggs activated artificially or aberrantly without fertilization by a sperm.
  Although mammalian parthenocytes normally can not develop into a full organism, they could, in theory, provide a source to derive ES cells with an exact match to the oocyte donor’s genome (both nuclear and mitochondrial).
  It is (...)

• parthenogenetic blastocyst
  22 April 2010

  See also
  blastocyst
  Reviews
  Derivation and long-term culture of human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells using human foreskin feeders. Lu Z, Zhu W, Yu Y, Jin D, Guan Y, Yao R, Zhang YA, Zhang Y, Zhou Q. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010 Apr 15. PMID: #20393797#
  Recent advancements towards the derivation of immune-compatible patient-specific human embryonic stem cell lines. Drukker M. Semin Immunol. 2008 Apr;20(2):123-9. PMID: #18160306#
  More new lines of human parthenogenetic embryonic (...)

• fetal growth anomalies
  3 September 2008

  References
  Fradin D, Boileau P, Lepercq J, Bougnères P. ’Non-Mendelian’ genetics of fetal growth. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29(1 Suppl):11-5. PMID: #16615301#
  Delaval K, Wagschal A, Feil R. Epigenetic deregulation of imprinting in congenital diseases of aberrant growth. Bioessays. 2006 May;28(5):453-9. PMID: #16615080#
  Fowden AL, Sibley C, Reik W, Constancia M. Imprinted genes, placental development and fetal growth.Horm Res. 2006;65 Suppl 3:50-8. PMID: (...)

• twin studies
  22 May 2008

  References
  Muilu J, Peltonen L, Litton JE. The federated database—a basis for biobank-based post-genome studies, integrating phenome and genome data from 600,000 twin pairs in Europe. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007 Jul;15(7):718-23. PMID: #17487219#

• somatic overgrowth
  26 March 2008

  See also
  non-syndromic somatic overgrowth
  overgrowth syndromes
  References
  Morison IM, Becroft DM, Taniguchi T, Woods CG, Reeve AE. Somatic overgrowth associated with overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II. Nat Med. 1996 Mar;2(3):311-6. PMID: #8612230#
  Reviews
  Cohen MM Jr. Overgrowth syndromes: an update. Adv Pediatr. 1999;46:441-91. PMID: #10645472#
  Rahman N. Mechanisms predisposing to childhood overgrowth and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005 Jun;15(3):227-33. PMID: (...)

• non-syndromic somatic overgrowth
  26 March 2008

  See also
  somatic overgrowth
  overgrowth syndromes
  References
  Morison IM, Becroft DM, Taniguchi T, Woods CG, Reeve AE. Somatic overgrowth associated with overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II. Nat Med. 1996 Mar;2(3):311-6. PMID: #8612230#
  Reviews
  Cohen MM Jr. Overgrowth syndromes: an update. Adv Pediatr. 1999;46:441-91. PMID: #10645472#
  Rahman N. Mechanisms predisposing to childhood overgrowth and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005 Jun;15(3):227-33. PMID: (...)

• diabetic embryopathy
  4 March 2008

  Synopsis
  caudal dysplasia (caudal regression syndrome) (#15266776#, #15127755#, #14694401#, #12196475#. #11896527#, #7365764#, #4848209#)
  sirenomelia (#15266776#)
  severe axial mesodermal dysplasia spectrum (#8775416#)
  lumbosacral dysgenesis (#457742#)
  VACTERL association (#118181216#)
  femoral hypoplasia i(#18051935#, #8960613#, #8330451#)
  femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome (FHUFS) (#17668891#, #8960613#, #6854450#)
  bifid tongue (#17663469#)
  holoprosencephaly (...)

• giant omphalocele
  15 February 2008

  See also
  omphalocele

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