Therapy, Toxics and drugs

• ciguatera
  25 March 2009

  Ciguatera is a foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as ciguatoxin, which is present in many microorganisms (particularly the micro-alga Gambierdiscus toxicus) living in tropical waters.
  Like many naturally and artificially occurring toxins, ciguatoxin bioaccumulates in lower-level organisms, resulting in higher concentration of the toxin at higher levels of the food chain, an example of biomagnification. (...)

• acetylsalicylic acid
  23 March 2009

  Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
  Overdose may result from accidental ingestion by young children; in adults, overdose is frequently suicidal. The major untoward consequences are metabolic with few morphologic changes. At first respiratory alkalosis develops, followed by metabolic acidosis that often proves fatal before anatomic changes can appear. Ingestion of as little as 2 to 4 gm by children or 10 to 30 gm by adults may be fatal, but survival has been reported after doses five times (...)

• hormone replacement therapy
  23 March 2009

  Hormone Replacement Therapy. In the United States, approximately one third of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), either estrogen in combination with a progestin or a natural estrogen alone. There has been recent controversy about the risks and benefits of HRT. Short-term benefits include reduction in symptoms that accompany menopause, including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and sleep disturbances. Long-term benefits include maintenance of bone (...)

• oral contraceptives
  23 March 2009

  Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy

• xenobiotic metabolism
  23 March 2009

  Most xenobiotics are lipophilic; this property facilitates their transport in the bloodstream by lipoproteins and penetration through lipid membranes.
  Lipophilic toxicants are metabolized to hydrophilic metabolites in two steps. In phase I reactions, a polar functional group is added to the parent compound. These are frequently oxidation reactions that produce reactive, electrophilic intermediates as a primary metabolite. This metabolite may be eliminated, or it may participate in phase II (...)

• motesanib
  29 September 2008

  Motesanib diphosphate

• azathioprine
  2 July 2008

  Azathioprine prodrug is converted to 6-mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine nucleotide synthesis and blocks RNA formation and metabolism.
  Oncogenesis
  Azathioprine has been implicated to be oncogenic through a number of mechanisms, including the promotion of oxidative DNA damage and the compromise of DNA mismatch repair. The carcinogenic risk of azathioprine has been discussed controversially in the literature.
  While autoimmune diseases themselves tend to be associated with a more (...)

• alemtuzumab
  2 July 2008

  Alemtuzumab (MabCampath®) is a humanized rat monoclonal antibody that targets the CD52 antigen. It has been approved for the treatment of patients with resistant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).

• topoisomerase 2 inhibitors
  19 May 2008

  Topoisomerase 2 inhibitors are associated with therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) with 11q23 abnormalities, but therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia (t-APL) is less common, and documentation of nine cases of t-APL after mitoxantrone therapy for MS suggests a specific association.
  References
  Ramkumar B, Chadha MK, Barcos M, Sait SN, Heyman MR, Baer MR. Acute promyelocytic leukemia after mitoxantrone therapy for multiple sclerosis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2008 Apr (...)

• mitoxantrone
  19 May 2008

  Mitoxantrone is a DNA-topoisomerase 2 inhibitor used as a single agent for treatment of relapsing-remitting or progressive multiple sclerosis (MS).
  Associations
  acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
  Topoisomerase 2 inhibitors are associated with therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) with 11q23 abnormalities, but therapy-related APL (t-APL) is less common, and documentation of nine cases of t-APL after mitoxantrone therapy for MS suggests a specific association.
  References (...)

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