Home > D. General pathology > Genetic and developmental anomalies > autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
MIM.263200 MIM.208540
Monday 6 October 2003
ARPKD is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by bilateral renal cystic enlargement that starts in utero. About 30% of patients die perinatally, although most patients reach ESRD in infancy, early childhood or adolescence.
Significantly enlarged polycystic kidneys are a hallmark of the disease. The liver is affected in approximately 45% of infants, and hepatic fibrosis is often the main feature in older patients.
Widening of collecting ducts in the kidney and intrahepatic bile ducts in the liver (Caroli disease) is seen at the histological level.
Epidemiology
1/6000 to 1/14000 births.
Synopsis
renal ARPKD
- normal nephrogenesis (nephron induction normal)with normal number of glomerules
- earliest lesions on medullary ducts with medullary collecting duct dilatation
- renal cysts (normal glomeruli and tubules are seen between cysts)
- dilatation of Bownan capsule with glomerular cysts
- radial elongated dilated tubules
- radial orientation of dilated tubules
- loss of corticomedullary differentiation
- slight interstitial renal fibrosis
- no significant renal interstitial inflammation
oligohydramnios sequence (Potter sequence)
- Potter facies
- lung hypoplasia
hepatic ARPKD
- congenital hepatic fibrosis
- hepatic cysts
- bile duct dilation
- ductal plate anomalies (congenital hepatic fibrosis)
- cirhhosis and cirrhotic sequence
- splenomegaly
- oesophageal varices
pancreatic ARPKD
- pancreatic cysts
Etiology
mutation in the gene PKHD1 encoding fibrocystin (MIM.606702 - Locus: 6p21.1-p12)
Pathogenesis
Polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) was identified by positional cloning and by the demonstration that mutations in its orthologue cause the renal cystic phenotype pck in the rat.
PKHD1 encodes a novel protein, fibrocystin/polyductin, that has a role in terminal differentiation of the collecting duct and biliary systems - which explains the histological phenotype of patients with ARPKD.
PKHD1 is also expressed in the primary cilia of renal epithelial cells. Although this is also the site of cystoprotein expression36, no protein interaction partners for PKHD1 have been identified so far in 2005.
Prognosis
30 to 50% of affected individuals die in the neonatal period, while others survive into adulthood.
Nota bene: hepato-reno-pancreatic dysplasia has also been described as Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark II syndrome) or Caroli syndrome. This homonymy with the asplenic Ivemark syndrome (MIM.208530) encourages to avoid this name in this condition.
See also
renal cysts
cystic renal diseases
polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs)
Differential diagnosis
Meckel syndrome
short rib-polydactyly syndromes
multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD)(glutaric aciduria type 2)
References
Genotype-phenotype correlations in fetuses and neonates with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Denamur E, Delezoide AL, Alberti C, Bourillon A, Gubler MC, Bouvier R, Pascaud O, Elion J, Grandchamp B, Michel-Calemard L, Missy P, Zaccaria I, Le Nagard H, Gerard B, Loirat C; Société Française de Foetopathologie, Barbet J, Beaufrère AM, Berchel C, Bessières B, Boudjemaa S, Buenerd A, Carles D, Clemenson A, Dechelotte P, Devisme L, Dijoud F, Espérandieu O, Fallet C, Gonzalès M, Hillion Y, Jacob B, Joubert M, Kermanach P, Lallemand A, Laquerrière A, Laurent N, Liprandi A, Loeuillet L, Loget P, Martinovic J, Ménez F, Narcy F, Roux JJ, Rouleau-Dubois C, Sinico M, Tantau J, Wann AR. Kidney Int. 2010 Feb;77(4):350-8. PMID: 19940839
Hildebrandt F, Otto E. Cilia and centrosomes: a unifying pathogenic concept for cystic kidney disease? Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Dec;6(12):928-40. PMID: 16341073
Nauli SM, Zhou J. Polycystins and mechanosensation in renal and nodal cilia. Bioessays. 2004 Aug;26(8):844-56. PMID: 15273987
Lina F, Satlinb LM. Polycystic kidney disease: the cilium as a common pathway in cystogenesis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Apr;16(2):171-6. PMID: 15021197
Wang S, Luo Y, Wilson PD, Witman GB, Zhou J. The autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease protein is localized to primary cilia, with concentration in the basal body area. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Mar;15(3):592-602. PMID: 14978161
Bendon RW. Ivemark’s renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia: analytic approach to a perinatal autopsy. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1999 Jan-Feb;2(1):94-100. PMID: 9841713
Strayer DS, Kissane JM. Dysplasia of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas: report of a variant of Ivemark’s syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1979 Mar;10(2):228-34. PMID: 422192