Types

 acute pulmonary hypertension
 chronic pulmonary hypertension

Etiology

 primary pulmonary vascular diseases

• primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH)
• persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)or persistent fetal circulation (PFC)

 secondary pulmonary hypertension

• meconium aspiration
• pulmonary parenchymal disease
  • bacterial pneumonia
  • postviral obliterative bronchiolitis
  • bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  • pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
  • airways diseases
  • persistent upper airway obstruction
  • chronic airway obstruction (asthma)
  • chronic lower airway obstruction (cystic fibrosis)
  • endstage pulmonary disease

• premature closure of ductus arteriosus
• premature closure of foramen ovale
• alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignement of pulmonary vessels
• pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
• invasive pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis
• pulmonary embolic disease
  • thromboembolism
  • non-thrombotic embolism

• congenital and acquired heart diseases
  • with pulmonary venous hypertension
    • obstruction to left ventricular outflow
      • aortic atresia
      • aortic stenosis
      • hypoplastic left heart
      • aortic coarctation with VSD
      • interrupted aortic arch

• decreased pulmonary vascular bed
  • pulmonary hypoplasia
  • primary pulmonary hypoplasia
  • secondary pulmonary hypoplasia
    • congenital diaphragmatic hernia
    • oligohydramnios sequence
    • asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (Jeune syndrome)
    • fetal pleural effusions

• generalized and local vascular disorders
  • collagen vascular diseases (dysimmune diseases)
  • intravenous drug abuse
  • vascular toxins
  • drugs

• mechanical disorders
  • chest wall restriction (kyphoscoliosis)
  • muscle weakness (myasthenia gravis)

• central nervous system disorders
  • acquired (head injury, ence^phalitis)
  • congenital (Arnold-Chiari malformations)
  • ventilatory control diorders

• blood hyperviscosity
  • polycythemia
  • fetal-maternal transfusion
  • fetal-fetal transfusion
  • sickle-cell disease
  • high-altitude residence
  • antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

• sleep disordered breathing due to obstructive sleep apnea
• neuromuscular disease

Associations

 portal hypertension (#1409142#)

See also

 pulmonary plexogenic arteriopathy

References

 Tulloh RM. Congenital heart disease in relation to pulmonary hypertension in paediatric practice. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2005 Sep;6(3):174-80. PMID: #16153566#

 Bush A. Pulmonary hypertensive diseases. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2000 Dec;1(4):361-7. PMID: #16263465#

 Alt B, Shikes RH. Pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease: irreversible vascular changes in young infants. Pediatr Pathol. 1983 Oct-Dec;1(4):423-34. PMID: #6687292#

 Wagenvoort CA. Grading of pulmonary vascular lesions--a reappraisal. Histopathology. 1981 Nov;5(6):595-8. PMID: #7319479#