Distribution
Native Americans
Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos
Facts
The sequence-divergence estimates for Haplogroup A, Haplogroup C, and Haplogroup D of Siberian and Native American populations indicate that the earliest inhabitants of Beringia possessed a limited number of founding mtDNA haplotypes and that the first humans expanded into the New World approximately 34,000 years before present (YBP). (#9792876#)
A 16111C-->T transition appears to delineate an "American" enclave of Haplogroup A mtDNAs in northeastern Siberia, whereas the 16192C-->T transition demarcates a "northern Pacific Rim" cluster within Haplogroup A. (#9792876#)
References
Eshleman JA, Malhi RS, Johnson JR, Kaestle FA, Lorenz J, Smith DG. Mitochondrial DNA and prehistoric settlements: native migrations on the western edge of North America. Hum Biol. 2004 Feb;76(1):55-75. PMID: #15222680#
Malhi RS, Breece KE, Shook BA, Kaestle FA, Chatters JC, Hackenberger S, Smith DG. Patterns of mtDNA diversity in northwestern North America. Hum Biol. 2004 Feb;76(1):33-54. PMID: #15222679#
Silva WA Jr, Bonatto SL, Holanda AJ, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AK, Paixao BM, Goldman GH, Abe-Sandes K, Rodriguez-Delfin L, Barbosa M, Paco-Larson ML, Petzl-Erler ML, Valente V, Santos SE, Zago MA. Mitochondrial genome diversity of Native Americans supports a single early entry of founder populations into America. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Jul;71(1):187-92. PMID: #12022039#
Bonatto SL, Salzano FM. Diversity and age of the four major mtDNA haplogroups, and their implications for the peopling of the New World. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Dec;61(6):1413-23. PMID: #9399887#