Subtypes

 embryonic stem cells
 umbilical cord stem cells
 adult stem cells

• cutaneous stem cells
• marrow stem cells
• mesenchymal stem cells

 cancer stem cells

References

 Xi R, Kirilly D, Xie T. Molecular mechanisms controlling germline and somatic stem cells: similarities and differences. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005 Jun 9; PMID: #15950455#

 Zipori D. The nature of stem cells: state rather than entity. Nat Rev Genet. 2004 Nov;5(11):873-8. PMID: #15520797#

 Sablowski R. Plant and animal stem cells: conceptually similar, molecularly distinct? Trends Cell Biol. 2004 Nov;14(11):605-11. PMID: #15519849#

 Pardal R, Clarke MF, Morrison SJ. Applying the principles of stem-cell biology to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Dec;3(12):895-902. PMID: #14737120#

 Sperger JM, Chen X, Draper JS, Antosiewicz JE, Chon CH, Jones SB, Brooks JD, Andrews PW, Brown PO, Thomson JA. Gene expression patterns in human embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent germ cell tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 11;100(23):13350-5. Epub 2003 Oct 31. PMID: #14595015#

 Verfaillie CM. Adult stem cells: assessing the case for pluripotency. Trends Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;12(11):502-8. PMID: #12446111#

 Burdon T, Smith A, Savatier P. Signalling, cell cycle and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Trends Cell Biol. 2002 Sep;12(9):432-8. PMID: #12220864#

 Bjorklund A, Svendsen CN. Chimeric stem cells. Trends Mol Med. 2001 Apr;7(4):144-6. PMID: #11286926#