Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), are thought to act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals because they are activated by a wide variety of extracellular signals. They are rapidly phosphorylated on threonine and tyrosine residues, and are highly conserved in evolution.

Kinases of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP2Ks) are critical protein kinases that lie upstream of MAP kinase and stimulates the enzymatic activity of MAP kinases (MAPKs).

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