Etiology

 kyphomelic dysplasia
 campomelic dysplasia
 spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia
 otopalatodigital syndrome (OPD)
 achondroplasia
 metaphyseal acroscyphodysplasia
 metaphyseal chondrodysplasia schmid type (MCDS)
 Marshall syndrome
 atelosteogenesis tye III (AOIII)
 Grant syndrome
 Shinzel-Giedion midface-retraction syndrome
 osteogenesis imperfecta
 osteofibrous dysplasia
 hypochondroplasia