Morphological synopsis:

 hepatocyte necrosis
 foci of extramedullary erythropoiesis
 cytoplasmic cholestasis
 canalicular cholestasis
 giant cell transformation of hepatocytes
 portal lymphocytary infiltrates
 lobular lymphocytary infiltrates

Etiologies

1. neonatal infectious hepatitis

 bacterial neonatal infections

• neonatal systemic sepsis (Escherichia coli, Listeria) (bacterial sepsis-associated hepatitis)
• Escherichia coli
• Streptococcus B
• listeriosis (Listeria)
• Staphylococcus
• syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
• listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)
• tubeculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

 viral neonatal hepatitis

• hepatitis B virus (HBV hepatitis)
• rubella virus
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV hepatitis)
• varicella (HSV hepatitis)
• Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
• Adenovirus
• Parvovirus B19 (parvoviral hepatitis)
• HIV
• reovirus
• paramyxovirus
• Enterovirus (enteroviral hepatitis)
  • Coxsackie
  • ECHOvirus

 parasitic neonatal infections (protozoan hepatitis)

• neonatal toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

2. Genetic hepatic metabolic diseases

 alpha1-anti-trypsine deficiency (PI deficiency) (MIM.107400)
 Wilson disease
 galactosemia
 fructosemia
 tyrosinemia
 mitochondrial cytopathy (oxydative phosphorylation anomalies)
 peroxisomopathies (peroxysomal diseases)

• Zellweger syndrome
• Refsum disease
• dihydroxycholestanoic acidemia
• trihydroxycholestanoic acidemia

 bile acid synthesis

• oxysterol 7alpha hydroxylase deficiency
• 3beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase deficiency
• oxosteroid 5beta reductase deficiency

 mitochondrial mtDNA depletion (mitochondriopathies)
 Gaucher disease
 Nieman-Pick disease type C
 indian childhood cirrhosis
 ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

3. neonatal cholestasis

 biliary tract anomalies

• extrahepatic biliary tract atresia
• extrahepatic biliary tract hypoplasia
• choledochal cyst

 intrahepatic biliary ducts paucity
 bile acid synthesis disorders
 familial intrahepatic cholestasis

• progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2)
• north american indian childhood cirrhosis

 cystic fibrosis

4. Miscellaneous

 neonatal immunohemolytic disorders
 neonatal hepatitis and neonatal steatosis
 'idiopathic' neonatal analysis
 neonatal hemochromatosis

See also

 childhood chronic hepatitis