SYnopsis

 diffuse cutaneous edema
 cystic hygroma
 serous effusions

• pleural effusion
• pericardial effusion
• peritoneal effusion

Etiology - Associations

Short list

 hematological disorders
 cardiac anomalies
 intrathoracic anomalies
 vascular anomalies
 muscular anomalies
 skeletal anomalies
 urogenital anomalies
 gastrointestinal anomalies
 fetal tumors
 genetic metabolic diseases (inborn errors of metabolism)
 chromosomal diseases
 fetal infections
 maternal diseases

Extended list

 hematological disorders

• inherited
• acquired

 cardiac anomalies

• cardiac malformations
• cardiac diseases
• cardiac tumors
• cardiac arrhytmias
• myocarditis

 intrathoracic compression

• congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs or CCAMs)
• pulmonary sequestration
• diaphragmatic hernia
• intrathoracic tumors

 laryngotracheal anomalies

• tracheal atresia
• tracheobronchomalacia
• laryngeal atresia
• laryngeal stenosis

 vascular anomalies

• fetal hemangiomas
• placental hemangiomas
• calcific arteriopathy
• pulmonary lymphangiectasia
• diffuse lymphangiectasia
• acardiac monozygous twin pregnancy
• vena caval thrombus
• coronary artery thrombus
• fetal entanglement umbilical cord
• meningeal angiodysplasia

 skeletal anomalies (genetic osteochondrodysplasias)

• achondrogeneses
  • achondrogenesis type 1 (MIM.200600 and MIM.600972)
  • achondrogenesis type 2 (MIM.200610) (COL2A1 mutations)
  • achondrogenesis type 3 (MIM.200710)

• Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (chondroectodermal dysplasia) (MIM.225500) (EVC1 and EVC2 mutations)
• short ribs-polydactyly syndrome type 1 (Saldino-Noonan syndrome) (MIM.263530)
• osteogenesis imperfecta (MIM.166200) (COL1A1 and COL1A2 mutations)
• Jeune syndrome (Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) (MIM.208500)
• thanotophoric dysplasia (thanatophoric nanism) (MIM.187600) (FGFR3 mutations)
• Mohr syndrome (orofaciodigital syndrome type 2) (MIM.252100)
• Greenberg dysplasia (MIM.215140) (LBR mutations)
• campomelic dysplasia

 fetal motility anomalies

• multiple pterygium syndrome (MIM.265000)
• popliteal pterygium syndrome (MIM.119500) (IRF6 mutations)
• Neu-Laxova syndrome (MIM.256520)
• Pena-Shokeir syndrome (MIM.208150)
• myotonic dystophy (MIM.160900)
• arthrogryposis

 cerebral anomalies

• hydrocephaly
• holoprosencephaly

 amniotic anomalies

• amniotic band syndrome

 systemic genetic anomalies

• Noonan syndrome

 urogenital anomalies

 digestive malformations

• esophageal atresia
• jejunal atresia
• small intestinal volvulus
• meconial ileus +/- meconial peritonitis
• intestinal infarction
• intestinal obstruction

 hepatic anomalies

• hepatitis
• hepatic necrosis
• fetal cirrhosis
• neonatal hemochromatosis

 fetal tumors

 genetic metabolic diseases (inborn errors of metabolism)

• Gaucher disease
• mucopolysaccharidosis
• Günther disease
• Niemann-Pick disease
• gangliosidosis

 chromosomal diseases

• monosomy X (45, XO)
• trisomy 21
• trisomy 18
• trisomy 13
• triploidy
• unbalanced translocation t(3;17)

 fetal infections

• Parvovirus B19 fetal infection (#9670826#)
• fetal CMV infection
• Herpesvirus I
• rubella virus
• toxoplasmosis
• fetal syphilis
• Coxsackievirus
• parvovirus
• adenovirus
• listeriosis
• Mycoplasma

 hypoalbuminemia

 maternal diseases

• dysimmunity (connectivitis)
• maternal diabetes mellitus
• maternal anemia
• choriocarcinoma