Types

 agenesis
 atresias
 dysplasias
 malformative fistulas
 duplications
 persistence of embryologic structures
 cystic malformations (malformative cysts)

• pulmonary cystic malformations
• renal cystic malformations

Localization

 cerebral malformations
 thymic malformations

 cardiovascular malformations

• cardiac malformations
• vascular malformations
  • combined vascular malformations

 visceral malfromations

• bronchopulmonary malformations
  • bronchial malformations
  • pulmonary malformations

• digestive malformations
  • digestive vascular malformations
  • anorectal malformations
  • oesophageal malformations

• biliary malformations
• hepatic malformations
  • hepatic vascular malformations

• urinary malformations
  • renal malformations
  • ureteral malformations
  • vesical malformations

 malformations of the male reproductive tract

 limb malformations

• hand malformations
• foot malformations

Etiology

 chromosomal diseases
 teratogenic physical agents
 teratogenic chemical agents
 monogenic diseases

• transcription factor mutations
• DNA repair disorders
• inherited metabolic diseases
  • carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency
  • MADD (glutaric acidemia type 2)
  • sterol metabolism diseases
    • Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
    • mutation in the gene encoding delta(8)-delta(7) sterol isomerase emopamil-binding protein (EBP) (MIM.300205) in CDPX2 (X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata type 2)

 maternal diseases

• maternal diabetes (diabetes-induced malformations)

See also:

 developmental anomalies
 malformative syndromes
 deformations
 disruptions

References

 Hales BF. DNA repair disorders causing malformations. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005 Jun;15(3):234-40. PMID: #15917197#