Definition: Sphingolipids are a class of lipids derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol sphingosine.

The sphingosine backbone is O-linked to a (usually) charged head group such as ethanolamine, serine, or choline. The backbone is also amide-linked to an acyl group, such as a fatty acid.

Sphingolipids are often found in neural tissue, and play an important role in both signal transmission and cell recognition.

Types

 ceramides
 sphingomyelins
 glycosphingolipids

• cerebrosides
• gangliosides

There are three main types of sphingolipids: ceramides, sphingomyelins, and glycosphingolipids, which differ in the substituents on their head group.

 Ceramides are the simplest type of sphingolipid. They consist simply of a fatty acid chain attached through an amide linkage to sphingosine.

 Sphingomyelins have a phosphorylcholine or phosphoroethanolamine molecule esterified to the 1-hydroxy group of a ceramide.

 Glycosphingolipids are ceramides with one or more sugar residues joined in a ?-glycosidic linkage at the 1-hydroxyl position. Glycosphingolipids may be further subdivided into cerebrosides and gangliosides. Cerebrosides have a single glucose or galactose at the 1-hydroxy position, while gangliosides have at least three sugars, one of which must be sialic acid.

Functions

 Sphingolipids are commonly believed to protect the cell surface against harmful environmental factors by forming a mechanically stable and chemically resistant outer leaflet of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer.

 Certain complex glycosphingolipids were found to be involved in specific functions, such as cell recognition and signaling. The first feature depends mainly on the physical properties of the sphingolipids, whereas signaling involves specific interactions of the glycan structures of glycosphingolipids with similar lipids present on neighboring cells or with proteins.

 Relatively simple sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, have been shown to be important mediators in the signaling cascades invlolved in apoptosis, proliferation, and stress responses.

 Ceramide-based lipids self-aggregate in cell membranes and form separate phases less fluid than the bulk phospholipids. These sphingolipid-based microdomains, or "rafts" were originally proposed to sort membrane proteins along the cellular pathways of membrane transport.

 Sphingolipids are synthesized in the ER1 and Golgi, but are enriched in the plasma membrane and in endosomes, where they perform many of their functions. thus travelling and evolving between organelles. Transport occurs via vesicles and monomeric transport in the cytosol.

 Sphingolipids are virtually absent from mitochondria and the ER, but constitute a 20-35 molar fraction of plasma membrane lipids.

Pathology: disorders of sphingolipid metabolism

 sphingolipidoses (sphingolipidosis)

• Example: Gaucher disease

See also

 sphingolipid synthesis
 compartmentalization
 endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 enzymes
 transport of ceramide

References

 Futerman AH, Riezman H. The ins and outs of sphingolipid synthesis. Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;15(6):312-8. PMID: #15953549#

 Pettus BJ, Chalfant CE, Hannun YA. Sphingolipids in inflammation: roles and implications. Curr Mol Med. 2004 Jun;4(4):405-18. PMID: #15354871#

 Ogretmen B, Hannun YA. Biologically active sphingolipids in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Aug;4(8):604-16. PMID: #15286740#

 Sillence DJ, Platt FM. Storage diseases: new insights into sphingolipid functions. Trends Cell Biol. 2003 Apr;13(4):195-203. PMID: #12667757#

 Marks DL, Pagano RE. Endocytosis and sorting of glycosphingolipids in sphingolipid storage disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2002 Dec;12(12):605-13. PMID: #12495850#