Classification

 cranial NTDs

• exencephaly
• anencephaly
• cranial meningocele
• encephalocele (myeloencephalocele)
• spinal meningocele

 spinal NTDs

• spina bifida occulta
• lumbra dermal sinus
• spina bifida aperta (spina bifida cystica) +/- posterior meningocele or myelomeningocele
• rachischisis
• anterior meningocele and lateral meningocele
• iniencephaly

References

 Zohn IE, Chesnutt CR, Niswander L. Cell polarity pathways converge and extend to regulate neural tube closure. Trends Cell Biol. 2003 Sep;13(9):451-4. PMID: #12946622#

 Juriloff DM, Harris MJ. Mouse models for neural tube closure defects. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Apr 12;9(6):993-1000. PMID: #10767323#