Etiology

 74% generalized granulomatous disease
 4% primary hepatic disease
 20-25% no etiology found

List

I. Infectious diseases (infections)
 bacterial infections

• actinomycosis borrelia (Lyme disease)
• botryomycosis
• brucellosis
• cat-scratch disease
• granuloma inguinale
• listeriosis
• melioidosis
• nocardiosis
• proprioniosis
• staphylococcal infections
• primary syphilis, scondary syphilis
• tularemia
• typhoid
• Whipple disease
• yersiniosis (Yersinia enterolitica)
• mycobacterial infections
  • tuberculosis
  • atypical mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium intracellulare)
  • BCG infection
  • leprosy

• chlamydial infections
  • lymphopathia venereum
  • psittacosis

 fungal infections

 viral infections

• virus C hepatitis (HVC) (#8406419#)

 parasitic infections

• histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)

II. drug reaction

III. dysimmunity (immunological diseases)
 immune deficiencies

IV. foreign materials

V. tumors (neoplasms)

VI. miscellaneous
 biliary tract obstruction (bile granulomas)
 chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
 eosinophilic enteritis
 jejuno-ileal bypass surgery
 porphyria cutanea tarda
 sarcoidosis

According to the localization of granulomas

 ductal granulomas with ductal damage

• primary biliary cirrhosis
• drug injury
• sarcoidosis

 periductal bile granulomas

• large-duct obstruction