Transforming growth factor-beta proteins (TGF-beta proteins or TGFBs) are key players in a large variety of physiological and disease processes.

It signals through transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinases to activate novel signaling intermediates called Smad or MADHs proteins, which then modulate transcription of target genes.

Members

 MADHs (SMIF, SMADs)

References

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 Byfield SD, Roberts AB. Lateral signaling enhances TGF-beta response complexity. Trends Cell Biol. 2004 Mar;14(3):107-11. PMID: #15055198#

 Serra R, Chang C. TGF-beta signaling in human skeletal and patterning disorders. Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today. 2003 Nov;69(4):333-51. PMID: #14745974#

 Akhurst RJ, Derynck R. TGF-beta signaling in cancer--a double-edged sword. Trends Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;11(11):S44-51. PMID: #11684442#

 Massague J. How cells read TGF-beta signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;1(3):169-78. PMID: #11252892#

 Souchelnytskyi S, Moustakas A, Heldin CH. TGF-beta signaling from a three-dimensional perspective: insight into selection of partners. Trends Cell Biol. 2002 Jul;12(7):304-7. PMID: #12185845#