Molecules

Articles

• acetyl-CoA
  2 June 2004

  Acetyl CoA

• PIP3
  29 October 2003

  Ins(1,4,5)P3, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate

• ceramide
  4 December 2003

  ceramides

• pyruvic acid
  22 October 2007

  pyruvate

• cAMP
  1 December 2003

  Function
  Hormonal stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA regulates cell growth by multiple mechanisms.
  A hallmark of cAMP is its ability to stimulate cell growth in many cell types while inhibiting cell growth in others.
  See also
  cAMP-dependent PKA pathway
  cell type-specific effects of cAMP on the mitogen-activated protein (MAPs) kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, or ERK) cascade and cell proliferation
  activation (...)

• Adenosine
  8 December 2005

  Functions
  Adenosine modulates the proliferation, survival and apoptosis of many different cell types, ranging from epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, to cells of the immune and neural lineages.
  See also
  adenosine-induced cell death
  adenosine receptors (ADORs)

• succinyl-CoA
  2 June 2004

  Succinyl-CoA is a substrate for the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) in the cell.
  Citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle or TCA cycle)
  The citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) takes place within the mitochondrial matrix. In this cycle, pyruvic acid generated from glycolysis is converted into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) by losing a carbon dioxide molecule. It then combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, a six-carbon molecule.
  In total, it loses 2 CO2 molecules and 4 (...)

• nucleic acid
  16 September 2003

  polynucleotides, nucleic acids

• glutamate
  3 May 2004

  Glutamate is a central junction for interchange of amino nitrogen, glutamate facilitates both amino acid synthesis and degradation.
  In the liver, glutamate is the terminus for release of ammonia from amino acids, and the intrahepatic concentration of glutamate modulates the rate of ammonia detoxification into urea.
  In pancreatic beta-cells, oxidation of glutamate mediates amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion.
  In the central nervous system, glutamate serves as an excitatory (...)

• amino acids
  11 July 2003

  aminoacid

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