chromatin remodeling
The initiation of cellular differentiation involves alterations in gene expression that depend on chromatin changes, at the level of both higher-order structures and individual genes.
Chromatin-remodelling enzymes have key roles in differentiation and development.
SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling ATPases control accessibility of the information stored in the genome. However, the in vivo role of these remodelers has remained poorly understood because null mutations in these result in embryonic lethality in most organisms.
ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling
ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling enzymes act to alter chromatin structure during gene regulation.
The functions of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzymes have been studied in several mammalian differentiation pathways, revealing cell-type-specific and gene-specific roles for these proteins that add another layer of precision to the regulation of differentiation.
ATP-dependent remodelling has a role in regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation, and have uncovered intriguing links between chromatin remodelling and other cellular processes during differentiation, including recombination, genome organization and the cell cycle.
Studies of the ATPase motors that drive these enzymes support the notion that they function as ATP-dependent DNA translocases with limited processivity. The action of these enzymes on nucleosomes results in the alteration of nucleosome positioning and structure.
ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling can also either remove or exchange histone dimers between nucleosomes. This provides a new means by which the incorporation of histone variants can be directed. Additional observations support roles for ATP-dependent remodelling enzymes throughout the transcription cycle.
Features
chromatin remodeling factors
chromatin remodeling complexes
chromatin modifying complexes (chromatin modifiers)
ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling
Pathology (chromatin remodeling disorders)
X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)
Rett syndrome
immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome (ICF)
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
rhabdoid tumor syndrome
References
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